caste discrimination

This briefing presents data on the situation of Dalit women generally, and Dalit women engaged in manual scavenging specifically – outlining the discrimination and disadvantages they face, and the obstacles they encounter in trying to improve their economic situation. The report also presents an overview of existing governments schemes for rehabilitation and access to alternative livelihoods and provides a list of recommendations.

Together with Part 2, these briefings show the interlinkages between education and the economic disadvantages faced by children from the manual scavenging community. The briefings provide an overview of the different government programmes and scholarships intended to address this problem, outline the challenges faced by the children in trying to access these entitlements, analyse recent budget allocations for these programmes (including the highly concerning removal of a separate scholarship specifically for children of those engaged in manual scavenging) and propose recommendations.

Together with Part 1, these briefings show the interlinkages between education and the economic disadvantages faced by children from the manual scavenging community. The briefings provide an overview of the different government programmes and scholarships intended to address this problem, outline the challenges faced by the children in trying to access these entitlements, analyse recent budget allocations for these programmes (including the highly concerning removal of a separate scholarship specifically for children of those engaged in manual scavenging) and propose recommendations.

The Indian Constitution, in its preamble, guarantees equality and social justice for all citizens. Yet, the deeply entrenched practice of manual scavenging, a relic of the caste system, continues to blight the lives of millions, particularly Dalits. This abhorrent practice, despite being legally prohibited, persists due to the complex interplay of socio-economic, political, and cultural factors.

Manual scavenging is defined under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, as any person engaged in manually handling human excreta. This hazardous and dehumanising task of cleaning human excreta from dry latrines, septic tanks, and open drains, is inherently linked to caste discrimination. Dalits, historically relegated to the lowest rung of the social hierarchy, have been traditionally assigned this degrading occupation. This systemic oppression perpetuates a cycle of poverty, ill health, and social exclusion for generations.

While the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, prohibits manual scavenging, its effective implementation requires adequate financial resources for rehabilitation and alternative livelihood programs.

While the challenges faced by manual scavengers are multifaceted, the situation is particularly dire for Dalit women. They bear the brunt of the social stigma, face heightened risks of sexual violence and exploitation, and have limited access to education and employment opportunities.

The intersectionality of caste, gender, and age discrimination creates a unique set of challenges for these women, exacerbating their vulnerability and hindering their socio-economic mobility. This section aims to shed light on the lived realities of Dalit women engaged in Manual Scavengings, their daily struggles, the psychological impact of this occupation, and the obstacles they face in escaping this cycle of poverty and discrimination. By understanding their experiences, we can develop targeted interventions to address their specific needs and empower them to lead dignified and fulfilling lives.